What are the respective merits of petrol, turbo-diesel and hybrid cars for individual owners?Reasons for buying a more efficient car vary from person to person. Some buyers are motivated by concern for the environment, but many are just looking for a car that’s cheap to run. Differing engine and powertrain types and technologies provide varying results in specific driving scenarios. 汽油车、涡轮增压柴油车和混合动力车各自有什么优点?购买高效汽车的理由因人而异。一些买家是出于对环境的担忧,但许多人只是在寻找一辆便宜的跑车。不同的发动机和动力系统类型和技术在特定的驾驶场景中提供不同的结果。
A conventional hybrid like the Toyota Prius is a real fuel miser in city traffic – particularly during peak hour. But on the open highway, it may well be beaten by a small-displacement turbo-diesel – a car like the Ford Fiesta ECOnetic from several years ago. And conventional petrol engines (those without the hybrid-drive electric components) have come ahead in leaps and bounds in recent years, offering a blend of performance and economy that can match or even exceed diesels in the right circumstance. 像丰田普锐斯这样的传统混合动力车在城市交通中是一个真正的燃料守财奴,尤其是在高峰时段。但在开放的高速公路上,它很可能被小排量涡轮增压柴油发动机击败——就像几年前的福特嘉年华(Ford Fiesta ECOnetic)一样。近年来,传统汽油发动机(那些没有混合动力驱动电动部件的发动机)突飞猛进,提供了一种性能和经济的混合体,在适当的环境下可以匹配甚至超过柴油发动机。
Importantly for buyers, conventional petrol-engined cars are cheaper too. That means any nett difference in fuel consumption may be offset over the term of ownership by the vehicle’s purchasing and servicing costs plus the (usually) lower cost of petrol, compared with diesel. So what is the right powertrain and fuel type for you? 对于买家来说,重要的是,传统的汽油引擎汽车也更便宜。这意味着燃料消耗的净差额可以通过车辆的购买和维修成本以及(通常)比柴油更低的汽油成本来抵消。那么什么是适合你的动力系统和燃料类型呢?
Small-displacement petrol engine小排量汽油发动机
Many petrol-engined cars come with an idle-stop system, cutting fuel use significantly when the vehicle is stationary in traffic. But while this technology has its place, more often than not that place is not in a micro or light hatch that will yield the best fuel economy. It all boils down to cost. A car that’s cheap to buy will have to forego expensive and advanced technology… like an idle-stop system. 许多汽油引擎的汽车配备了怠速停车系统,当车辆在交通中静止时,大大减少了燃料的使用。但是,尽管这项技术有它自己的位置,但通常这个位置并不是在一个能够产生最佳燃油经济性的微型或轻型舱口上。这一切都归结为成本问题。一辆便宜的汽车将不得不放弃昂贵和先进的技术… … 就像一个闲置停止系统。
Without an idle-stop system to save fuel when the vehicle is waiting to cross an intersection, a small-displacement engine running on petrol doesn’t compete on an equal footing with larger vehicles that do have an idle-stop system, and that can include hybrids. Where the small car (or light and micro cars) will cost fewer ‘bucks’ for its ‘bang’ is in a medium to longer range journey along free-flowing arterial roads – ideally at speeds up to 80km/h, and with fewer stops along the way. 当车辆等待通过十字路口时,如果没有一个怠速停止系统来节省燃料,使用汽油的小排量发动机就不能与使用怠速停止系统的大型车辆(包括混合动力车)平起平坐。小型汽车(或者轻型和微型汽车)的“轰隆”价格较低,但是在自由流动的干线公路上行驶的距离较长——理想的行驶速度可达每小时80公里,沿途停靠的站点也较少。
The ideal scenario would be a daily commute from the middle suburbs of a major metropolis to the outer suburbs or close-by rural areas. Against the flow of peak-hour traffic in each direction, the car will run with fewer interruptions to the journey. The trip should last a minimum of 15 minutes for the engine to reach normal operating temperature, where it is working at its most efficient. 最理想的情况是每天从一个主要大都市的中郊通勤到远郊或靠近农村地区。相对于每个方向高峰时段的交通流量,汽车行驶时对行程的干扰会减少。行程至少要持续15分钟,发动机才能达到正常工作温度,发动机在正常工作温度下工作效率最高。
Be aware that many small cars are powered by downsized turbocharged petrol engines, which often demand premium unleaded petrol. Whatever cost-benefit gains you may see in fuel economy will be eroded by the cost of the petrol, and perhaps for little quantifiable improvement in performance. 请注意,许多小型汽车使用的是尺寸缩小的涡轮增压汽油发动机,这种发动机往往需要高级无铅汽油。无论你在燃油经济性方面看到什么成本效益收益,都会被汽油成本侵蚀,或许还会因为性能方面几乎无法量化的改进而受到侵蚀。
Daily use guidelines日常使用指南
Minimum driving distance of five kilometres or more for optimal efficiency 为达到最佳效率,最少行车距离为5公里或以上
Suitable for heavily congested routes with idle-stop system enabled 适用于严重拥挤的路线与闲置停止系统启用
Ideal for flowing arterial roads in intermediate and outer suburbs (60-80km/h) 理想的流动干线道路在中间和远郊(60-80公里/小时)
Also a good choice for longer journeys into rural areas at speeds above 60km/h 对于时速超过60公里进入乡村地区的长途旅行来说,这也是个不错的选择
Large-displacement petrol engine大排量汽油发动机
While they may seem out of place here, some of the largest-capacity petrol engines have proven to be surprisingly economical – especially on the open road. Admittedly it carries around less weight overall than most turbocharged six-cylinder cars, but the BMW Z4 M40i sports car will run at a constant speed of 100km/h using less than 6.0L/100km, as we can attest.虽然他们似乎在这里的位置,一些最大容量的汽油发动机已被证明是惊人的经济-特别是在开放的道路上。不可否认,宝马 Z4 M40i 的总重量比大多数六缸涡轮增压汽车都要轻,但我们可以证明,宝马 Z4 M40i 跑车将以每小时100公里的恒定速度行驶,行驶里程不到6.0 l/100公里。
A large-capacity engine can maintain a steady speed at low revs (below 2000rpm) in a very high gear. In essence then, the one certain way you’ll witness economical figures from an engine larger than 3.0 litres will be by confining your travel to freeways, away from the peak-hour traffic.一个大容量的发动机可以保持一个稳定的速度在低转速(低于2000转)在一个非常高的齿轮。从本质上来说,一种确定的方法是将你的旅行限制在高速公路上,远离高峰时段的交通,这样你就可以看到一台大于3.0升的引擎的经济数据。
Daily use guidelines日常使用指南
Minimum driving distance of five kilometres or more for optimal efficiency 为达到最佳效率,最少行车距离为5公里或以上
Not suitable for heavily congested routes and inner-urban areas 不适合严重拥挤的路线和市区内地区
Acceptable for flowing arterial roads in intermediate and outer suburbs (60-80km/h) 中远郊(60-80公里/小时)流动干线公路可接受
Also suitable for freeways and longer journeys into rural areas at speeds above 60km/h 也适用于高速公路和以时速60公里以上进入乡村地区的长途车程
Turbo-diesel engine涡轮增压柴油机
Due to its thermodynamic efficiency, the turbo-diesel engine can be very economical. It’s also an appropriate choice for drivers who need torque (for towing and heavy loads) rather than power. The turbo-diesel has fallen out of favour in recent years, however, due to being unsuitable for short trips. Furthermore, the high carbon content of its fuel makes it a relatively worse emitter of CO2 than petrol engines.由于涡轮增压柴油机的热力学效率,它可以是非常经济的。这也是一个适当的选择司机谁需要扭矩(牵引和重负荷) ,而不是动力。然而,由于不适合短途旅行,涡轮增压柴油机近年来已经失宠。此外,其燃料的高碳含量使其成为比汽油发动机排放二氧化碳更糟糕的燃料。
The general scientific consensus seems to hold that diesels are on the way out. They won’t last as long as petrol engines in the European market, as more manufacturers move to hybrids, plug-ins, battery-electric vehicles and fuel-cell vehicles. Australia is not Europe, of course…普遍的科学共识似乎认为柴油机正在走向灭亡。随着越来越多的制造商转向混合动力汽车、插电式汽车、电池电动汽车和燃料电池汽车,它们在欧洲市场的持续时间将不如汽油发动机。当然,澳大利亚不是欧洲。
For the time being, turbo-diesels do provide a viable alternative for some buyers. In the Australian context, turbo-diesels work very well over longer journeys. Once they’re up to operating temperature they’re very frugal, but most of them come with diesel particulate filters to meet mandated emissions standards. These filters don’t take kindly to regular and frequent short trips from cold starts.目前,涡轮增压柴油机确实为一些买家提供了一个可行的替代品。在澳大利亚的情况下,涡轮柴油发动机的工作非常好,在更长的旅程。一旦他们达到工作温度,他们非常节俭,但他们中的大多数来与柴油微粒过滤器,以满足规定的排放标准。这些过滤器不喜欢定期和频繁的短途旅行从冷启动。
If you own a turbo-diesel that spends much of its time traversing the route between home and shops, it’s important that you take the vehicle out once a month for an extended run at open-road speeds to burn the soot from the DPF. Turbo-diesels can be fine in town, powering courier vehicles and taxis – vehicles that work for a living and rack up a lot of kilometres each day without the engine switched off for an extended period.如果你有一辆涡轮增压柴油机,它会花费大量的时间在家和商店之间的路线上穿梭,那么每个月开车出去一次,在开阔的道路上长时间行驶,以便燃烧 DPF 排放的烟灰,这一点很重要。涡轮增压柴油发动机在城镇可以很好,为信使车辆和出租车提供动力——这些车辆为了谋生而工作,每天行驶很长一段时间,发动机没有关掉。
Similarly, diesels in passenger cars and family SUVs deliver better results on longer runs. The diesel Mazda CX-8 we tested at the end of 2018 demonstrated that diesels can be parsimonious, even in congested traffic. A figure of up to around 10L/100km in heavy traffic is a reasonable figure for such an accommodating vehicle. But on the open road it fares better still, turning in figures below 7.0L/100km at a constant speed of 100km/h.同样,柴油在轿车和家庭越野车提供更好的结果在更长的运行。我们在2018年底测试的柴油马自达 CX-8表明,柴油可以是节俭的,即使在拥挤的交通。交通繁忙的车辆最多可达每100公里10公升,对这类车辆来说是合理的数字。但是在开放的道路上,它的表现就更好了,以每小时100公里的恒定速度在7.0升/100公里以下翻车。
In short, the place for a turbo-diesel is in the outer suburbs and rural areas. Drive a turbo-diesel SUV or passenger car (or light commercial vehicle even) for at least half an hour and it will produce economical fuel consumption figures. But it’s not the type of powertrain to suit inner urban types who drive no more than five or 10 minutes each way.简而言之,涡轮增压柴油发动机的生产地在远郊和乡村地区。驾驶涡轮柴油 SUV 或乘用车(甚至轻型商用车)至少半小时,它将产生经济的燃料消耗数字。但是这种动力系统并不适合那些单程驾驶时间不超过5到10分钟的城市居民。
Daily use guidelines日常使用指南
Minimum driving distance of 10 kilometres or more for optimal efficiency 最少行车10公里或以上,以达致最佳效率
Suitable in a workhorse capacity for heavily congested routes 适用于严重拥挤的线路的载重能力
Competitive with hybrids on flowing arterial roads in intermediate and outer suburbs (60-80km/h) 在流动的中远郊干道(60-80公里/小时)上与混合动力车的竞争
Ideal for freeways and longer journeys into rural areas at speeds above 60km/h 理想的高速公路和较长的旅程进入乡村地区的速度超过60公里/小时
Petrol electric hybrids汽油电力混合动力车
Compared with petrol engines and diesels, the hybrid, particularly series/parallel hybrids like Toyota’s Prius, is completely at home in the city and inner suburbs.与汽油发动机和柴油发动机相比,混合动力车,尤其是丰田普锐斯(Prius)这样的串/并联混合动力车,在城市和近郊完全是家用车。
Over a decade ago, driving a third-generation Toyota Prius between Sydney and Melbourne, and then running it back and forth between work and home for a month was instructional. The period revealed that the Prius was less economical (4.9L/100km) at a steady speed of 110km/h than it was (4.4L/100km) negotiating urban traffic commuting back and forth to work. Where the Prius and this type of hybrid excels is in a very specific scenario.十多年前,在悉尼和墨尔本之间驾驶一辆第三代丰田普锐斯,然后在工作和家庭之间来回跑一个月是一种教学。这一时期的数据显示,普锐斯在110公里/小时的稳定速度下(4.9升/100公里)不如在城市往返上班的交通中(4.4升/100公里)经济。普锐斯和这种类型的混合动力车的优势是在一个非常特殊的情况下。
Let’s say you commute to an inner urban location from suburbs further out. Most of the roads along the route are free-flowing arterials, but there are always a couple of bottlenecks at certain points. The Prius will crawl along below 20km/h for a kilometre or more of that bumper-to-bumper traffic without the petrol engine restarting. This is where the hybrid can really save money and conserve fuel, measured against a conventional petrol-engined car.比如说,你从郊区往返到市中心的某个地方。沿线的大多数道路都是自由通行的动脉,但在某些地点总是存在一些瓶颈。普锐斯将缓慢爬行低于20公里每小时一公里或更多的保险杠对保险杠的交通没有汽油发动机重新启动。这就是混合动力车真正可以节省金钱和燃料的地方,与传统的汽油引擎汽车相比。
If you do need a car that will undertake the occasional country run, the hybrid will do that as well, but its fuel economy on that run won’t necessarily match its around-town efficiency.如果你确实需要一辆车,将承担偶尔乡村运行,混合动力车也会这样做,但其燃油经济性运行不一定匹配其周边城镇的效率。
Daily use guidelines日常使用指南
Minimum driving distance of five kilometres or more for optimal efficiency 为达到最佳效率,最少行车距离为5公里或以上
Ideal for heavily congested routes and inner urban commuting 适用于严重拥挤的路线和城市内部通勤
Acceptable on flowing arterial roads in intermediate and outer suburbs (60-80km/h) 中远郊(60-80公里/小时)流动干道可接受
Adequate for freeways and longer journeys into rural areas at speeds above 60km/h 适用于时速60公里以上的高速公路和进入乡村地区的长途车程
Plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles插电式混合动力车和电动车
Cost is still the major hurdle that plug-in hybrids (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) must overcome. That’s not the running cost; it’s the purchase price. At present, there is simply no way a broad base of prospective buyers can justify the extra outlay for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle or a battery-electric vehicle. A few, in very specific circumstances, could perhaps justify the purchase price.成本仍然是插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)和电池电动汽车(BEV)必须克服的主要障碍。这不是运行成本,而是购买价格。目前,广泛的潜在买家群体根本无法证明购买插电式混合动力汽车或电池电动汽车的额外支出是合理的。在非常特殊的情况下,一些人或许可以证明购买价格是合理的。
So who are these would-be PHEV and BEV owners? Located in the suburbs, especially in densely populated communities closer to city centres, those owners would be travelling only five or 10km a day. Since the electric motor doesn’t have to warm up for peak efficiency, the EV and PHEV (run in electric mode only) is as clean and green from the moment the car leaves the driveway as it is at the moment it pulls up outside the school to pick up the kids.那么这些想要成为 PHEV 和 BEV 车主的人是谁呢?这些业主位于郊区,尤其是在靠近市中心的人口密集的社区,每天只能行驶5到10公里。由于电动马达不需要为达到峰值效率而预热,所以电动汽车和混合动力汽车(仅在电动模式下运行)从汽车离开车道的那一刻起,就像它停在学校外面接孩子那一刻一样清洁和绿色。
Perhaps once or twice a week those same owners have to work out of a remote location that’s across town and they need the extra range that a PHEV offers. They’re not the sort of people who trade up to a new car every three years, so resale value is not an issue for them. Nor is the question of well-to-wheel emissions.也许每周一到两次,这些车主不得不在城市另一边的偏远地区工作,他们需要插电式混合动力汽车提供的额外行驶距离。他们不是那种每三年换一辆新车的人,所以转售价值对他们来说不是问题。汽车轮胎排放的问题也不是。
These buyers likely buy the more expensive car with every intention of keeping it for longer and thus amortise the premium purchase price by saving on running costs – swapping petrol from the pump for power from the plug. At a pinch, if they need a larger family car for infrequent weekends away in the country, they may choose a vehicle like the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, which remains a reasonably economical vehicle to run at open-road speeds and can recover some electrical energy from braking and downhill runs.这些购车者购买更昂贵的汽车,很可能是为了使用更长时间,从而通过节省运行成本——用油泵的汽油换取插头的电力——来分期偿还溢价。在必要的时候,如果他们需要一辆更大的家庭汽车在不经常的周末在乡下,他们可以选择一辆像三菱Outlander PHEV 这样的汽车,它仍然是一个相当经济的汽车运行在开放的道路的速度,可以恢复一些电能刹车和下坡运行。
Daily use guidelines日常使用指南
No minimum driving distance for optimal efficiency 为了达到最佳效率,没有最小的行驶距离
Ideal for inner urban working 适合城市内部工作
Also ideal for flowing arterial roads in intermediate and outer suburbs 也是理想的流动干线公路在中间和远郊
Acceptable for freeways, but may be limited by range for longer journeys into rural areas 对于高速公路可以接受,但是对于进入乡村地区的长途旅行可能会受到路程的限制